VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE

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Other Rooms

Things you may find around the house

Naturally Speaking

Dialogue
Here is a conversation between Mrs Smith (Joan) and husband Steve.
It's Saturday and Joan and Steve are decorating.
Joan : Steve, you missed a bit.
Steve : Where?
Joan : Here, on the wall just by the window, you can see a patch of white.
Steve : Oh yes, I see it. It's difficult in this light.
Joan : I know, well at least we have finished this room, only five more to go.
Steve : Are you sure you want to put wallpaper up in the lounge?

Joan : Yes, but don't worry, I'm really good at wallpapering. I just wish that John would decide on what he wants his room doing in.

Steve : I know, it's difficult when you're a boy. At least he's grown out of Star Wars, I keep thinking he'll ask for red and black or something equally gruesome.

Joan : Yes, but it is his room. I'm glad we decided not to move though. Maybe we should think about building an extension to the kitchen instead.

Steve : One thing at a time please! Lets get this decorating over and done with first.

Joan : Ha! Oh by the way you missed a bit by the door too!
Steve : Hmmm, thanks. Here's a brush.

SURPRISES AND DISBELIEFS

Surprises and Disbeliefs is expression that used to express something that we can’t believe or impossible.

Kind of Surprises and Disbeliefs expression are :

o What a surprises?
o That’s very surprising!
o Really?
o Oh, no…………..
o Are you serious?
o What?
o That’s unbeliefable!
o Fancy that!
o You’re kidding!
o I find that hard to believe.

Surprising amazement of something :

- Fantastic!
- How marvellous/beautiful!
- It’s very interesting!
- It’s great!
- It’s terrific!
- Wow, that’s amazing!
- Wonderful!
- What a nice……
- What a lovely flower!
- Hey, that’s really terrific!


Example :

Dina : " Look ; I got "
Zee : " That`s very surprising "
Dina : " I don`t know why "
Zee : " Perhaps you did the wrong number "

When get a surprising fact, you can say those to tell other people :

* Do you know what ?
* Believe it or not ?
* You may not believe it, but ...
* Can you believe it ?

Responds :

* Really ?
* Are you joking ?
* Where ? show me

There are some ways to express surprise :

* Never !
* Oh, no!
* You`re kidding
* What a surprise
* Good heavens
* My goodness

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

The Definition Of Future Tense

The future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future.

The simple future is used :

To talk about things that will happen at a time later than now.

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

FORM Will
[S + will + verb1]

Examples:

You will help him later.
Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.

FORM Be Going To
[S + to be (am/is/are) + going to + verb]

Examples:

You are going to meet Jane tonight.
Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.

USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.

Examples:

• I will send you the information when I get it.
• I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
• Will you help me move this heavy table?
• Will you make dinner?
• I will not do your homework for you.
• I won't do all the housework myself!
• A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
• A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
• A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.

USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise

"Will" is usually used in promises.

Examples:

• I will call you when I arrive.
• If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
• I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
• Don't worry, I'll be careful.
• I won't tell anyone your secret.

USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan

"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.

Examples:

• He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
• She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
• A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
• I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
• Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
• They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
• Who are you going to invite to the party?
• A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.

USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction

Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.

Examples:

• The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
• The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
• John Smith will be the next President.
• John Smith is going to be the next President.
• The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
• The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.

IMPORTANT

In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.

Examples:

• When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
• When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You will never help him.
• Will you ever help him?
• You are never going to meet Jane.
• Are you ever going to meet Jane?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
• The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
• Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
• A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive

The Formula with verb sentence :

Positive (+): S + will/shall + V1 + object
Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + V1 + object
Interrogative (?): Will/shall + S + V1 + object

Example :

• Owyendz will visit tokyo(+)
• Nissa will not visit India(-)
• Will shasya visit china? (?)

The formula with nominal sentence :

Positive (+): S + will/shall + be +complement
Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + complement
Interrogative (?): will/shall + S + complement

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: AT, IN, ON

We use:
• at for a PRECISE TIME
• in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
• on for DAYS and DATES



Look at these examples:
• I have a meeting at 9am.
• The shop closes at midnight.
• Jane went home at lunchtime.
• In England, it often snows in December.
• Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
• There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
• Do you work on Mondays?
• Her birthday is on 20 November.
• Where will you be on New Year's Day?

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:



Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:


When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
• I went to London last June. (not in last June)
• He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
• I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
• We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the action of a transitive verb, and passive refers more generally to verbs using this construction and the passages in which they are used.
The Generic Structure/Formula :

• Active : S + V active + O
• Passive : O + to be + V3 + by + S

Passive Voice in Tenses :

1. Simple Present Tense
•Active : V1(es/s)
•Passive : To be(is, am, are) + V3

2. Past tense
•Active : V2(ed)
•Passive : To be(was, were) + V3

3. Past Continuous Tense
•Active : To be(is, am, are) + V ing
To be(was, were) + Ving
•Passive : To be(is, am, are) + Being V3
To be(was, were) + Being V3

4. Present Perfect Continuou s Tense
•Active : been + V ing
•Passive : been + being V3

5. Future Tense
•Active : Be + V ing
•Passive : Be + being V3

OFFERING

The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.

chiela : Would you like a cup of tea, Mr, Zhezhe?
Mrs. Zhezhe : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......
chiela : thank you. I’m glad you like it.

Formal expressions:
• I wonder if you remember.....
• You remember...., don’t you?
• You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
• Don’t you remember.....?
• Do you happen to remember it now?

Informal expressions:
• Remember the old house we used to live in?
• Remember that?
• I’m sorry I don’t remember

Ofering to friends:
• Want some?
• Have some?
• Chocolate?
• Grab some for yourself

Declining an offering
• No, thanks.
• No, really won't, thanks
• Not for me, thanks.
• Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
• I’m affraid I forget.
• I really can’t remember.
• I’m afraid I have no memory of him
• Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.
• Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Accepting an offering:
• Thank you.
• Yes, please
• I'd like it very much
• That would be very nice
• Let me think, yes, I remember.
• I remember especially the scenery.
• I’ll never forget that
• I’ll always remember.
• I can remember it clearly.

Example..
It was Sunday morning, Cinta got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her mother was a little puzzled.

Mother : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?
Cinta : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry
Mother : You remember Sunday, don’t you?
Cinta : Oh, my goodnes. I thought it’s a school day !

NOUN PHRASES

Noun is word to point/signed at the thing. For example : the tall, my brother, loneliness, etc. Phrase is a group of words. So, Noun phrases is a group of word that to point/signed at the thing.
Noun phrase consist of a pronoun or noun with only associated noun phrases can act as a subject, object, complement object of preposition, and object of verb.

The function of Noun phrase :

• Subject

Example :
The children play on the forest.

• Object

Example :
My mother buys a basket of vegetables.

• Complement

Example :
Bogor is a rainy location.

The basic structure of Noun phrase :

Phrase consist minimally of a head this means, in one word phrase like “boy”, the head is “boy” in langer phrase a string of elements my appear before the head.

Example : The naughty boy.

NEWS ITEM

News item text is a factual text which inform reader or daily newspaper about events of the day which are regarder as news worth or important.

The generic structure of News item :

Headline.

Correspondence.

Newsworthy events :

Recounts the event in summary form.

Background events :

Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.

Sources :

Comments by participants in, witness to and authorities expert on the event.

Linguistic features :

• Action verbs.
• Verbal verbs.
• Mental verbs.
• Temporal circumstances.
• Spatial circumstances.
• Specific participants.

Example of News item :

Shark Savages Creek Swimmer

By John Orr and AAP

A Gold Coast man was recovering in hospital last night after a shark bit him in his buttocks and right leg when he went for a moonlit swim in a canal.

Mr. Craig Coleman, 26 needed about 200 stitches and is awaiting plastic surgery.

He went for a swim in little Tallebudgera Creek and adjoining canals to “cool off” late on Saturday night.

He “dog-paddled” halfway accros the stream and while having a breather, a shark, estimated, to be 1.8m long, “took a liking to him”.

“I never got a look at him-who would have thought there would be sharks in the river,” Mr. Coleman said yesterday.

He was the second person to be attacked by a shark in the Mermaid Waters canal in the past 12 months.

A 10 years-old boy was attacked late last year only metres from where Mr. Coleman was bitten.

Mr. Coleman said he was unaware of previous shark attacks in Gold Coast waterways as he had recently moved there from Sydney.

NARRATIVE TEXT

Definition : A piece of writing that tells a story. The story can be imaginary or based on a real events.

Function : To entertain, to gain and hold a reader’s interest. However narrativaes can also be written to teach or inform, to change attitudes / social opinion.

Generic Structure :

• TITLE
• Orientation : This part presents the setting of the story and introduces the characters incolved.
• Complication : A crisis arises.
• Resolution : The problems starts to get resolved.
• Moral Value : The message of the story.

Kinds of Narrative Text:

• Short Stories;
• Folklores;
• Legends;
• Fables;
• Myths; etc.

Features:

• Characters with defined personalities / identities.
• Dialogue often include tense may change to the present or the future.
• Descriptive language to create images in the reader’s mind and enhance the story.

Temporal Conjunction In Narrative Text:

• Once upon a time;
• After;
• Before;
• A long time ago; etc.

MODALS IN THE PAST FORM

Modals in the past are :

Ø Could.

Ø Might.

Ø Would.

Ø Should.

The formula of Modals in the past form :

1. COULD + VERB BASE.

 To offer Suggestion or Possibilities.

Example :

Cika : “I’m having trouble with math.”

Riko : “Why you don’t ask Kiki? Perhaps she could help you.”

 To indicate that ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.

Example :

Santi : “Nik, can you climb the mango tree?”

Niko : “Well, I could climb the mango tree when I was so young, but I think I’m too heavy to climb it.”

2. WOULD + VERB BASE.

 For an action that was repeated regulary in the past.

Example :

Ani : “What did you do on holidays?”

Risma : “I would visit my grandparents and my other family in the village, but how not anymore.”

 Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences.

Example :

Jerry : “What would you rather do in weekend, go to the party or stay at home?”

Lita : “I would rather stay at home than go to the party.”

 To express polite request.

Example :

Mr. Willy : “Would you mind posting the letter?”

Reva : “No, not at all.”

3. SHOULD + VERB BASE.

 To give definite advice.

Example :

Mother : “Neva, you should study tonight. You will have math test tomorrow, won’t you?”

Neva : “I will, Mom.

4. MIGHT + VERB BASE.

 To tell possibilities

Example :

Dina : “Why is Riko taking the bus to get home?”

Rita : “He might get a flat time.”

 To express polite request.

Example :

Dimas : “Might I borrow your book?”

Vera : “Yes, of course.”

INVITATION

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.

There are two types of invitation.

Formal Invitation
Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.

Informal Invitation
Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.

This time we only discuss about verbal
invitation extending (mengundang)

For example:

• I would like to invite you to my birthday party.
• Would you like to come my house
• How would you like to go studying together
• If you are not busy, please try to come to my factory
• Are you free this evening?
• Let’s go to the Palangka Raya Fair
• Can you come?
• Please try to come
• We hope you’ll join us
• If you don’t have any other plans, would you come villa

Accepting (Menerima)


• I’d love to I like that
• That sounds great
• Thank you for the invitation
• That would be wonderful
• I’d be glad to
• That sounds like fun
• It’s very nice of you to invite me
• It sounds interesting
• Thank you,I will come to your party
• Yes,I can come to your party
• Ok..!
Declining/Refusing

• I’d love to, but I can’t
• I’m really sorry because I can’t come
• Sorry, I’m really busy
• I’d love to, but I won’t be able to
• I’d love to but I don’t think I can
• Sorry, maybe next time
• No, I can’t
• Sorry, I can’t to your party


How to Write An Invitation??

Step 1
Before you write an invitation, decide on the tone, voice and level of formality, based on the event itself. This will dictate whether you hand-write the cards or have them printed, and whether you choose A preprinted or personalized invitation.

Step 2
Choose the type of invite you want, and order or buy a few more than you think you'll need. This will permit you to add some guests to your list at the last minute, if necessary. For small parties, you may want to hand-write the invitations on stationery or blank cards. For large gatherings, consider ordering printed invitations.

Step 3
Determine the wording of your invite based on the level of formality. For example, a formal invitation might say, 'Dr. and Mrs. Stanley request the pleasure of your company,' whereas a more casual note might say, 'Please join us.'

Step 4
Include the names of the host and/or hostess, as well as the place (with street address), time, date and purpose of the occasion, even if it's a simple get-together.

Step 5
Make sure to add RSVP information at the bottom of the invite if you need to know who will be attending; for example, 'RSVP' followed by your telephone number.

R.S.V.P. which means "please reply.“The person sending the invitation would like you to tell him or her whether you accept or decline the invitation. That is, will you be coming to the event or not?

Step 6
Include a respond-by date on a formal invitation so you can get an accurate head count in time to adjust the amount of food, number of place settings and room size. For a wedding, charity function or other formal event, consider including a response card and a stamped, self-addressed envelope inside the envelope containing your invite.

Step 7
Mail invitations three weeks before most events, four weeks before a formal affair and three months before a wedding, to allow for airline reservations. For events held during the December holidays, send invitations around Thanksgiving.

EXAMPLE
Extending (mengundang)
Let’s go to the Keroncong Festival!
Please try to come!
I hope you’ll join us!
If you are not busy, pleset come to my party!
Shall we see the film?
I would like to invite you come to my house!

INTRODUCTORY IT

When The Subjective Is An Infinitive Phrase

We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase. So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.

Structure:
It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)

Example
 It is easy to learn English. (=To learn English is easy.)
 It is easy to find fault with others. (=To find fault with others is easy.)
 It is difficult to know his motive. (=To know his motive is difficult.)
 It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.
 It is dangerous to play with fire.
 It could be dangerous to drive so fast.

Note: that when we wish to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning, especially when it is short.

When The Subject Is A Gerund Phrase

When the real subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. So instead of saying ‘Your trying to fool us is no good’, we say, ‘It is no good your trying to fool us.’

Example
 It won’t be any good complaining to the manager. (Complaining to the manager won’t be any good.)
 It is silly throwing away this opportunity. (Throwing away this opportunity is silly.)
 Will it be any good my talking to him about it? (Will my talking to him about it be any good?)
 It is no fun having so many children to look after. (Having so many children to look after is no fun.)

Note: that it is possible to change the gerund into an infinitive.

Then the subject is a clause
When the subject is a clause, the sentence usually begins with it. So instead of saying ‘That he was once a communist is true’, we say, ‘It is true that he was once a communist’.

Example:
 It does not matter whether he comes or not. (Whether he comes or not does not matter.)
 It is required that he should pay the fine. (That he should pay the fine is required.)
 It is clear that he overheard our conversation. (That he overheard our conversation is clear.)
 It is clear that you are not interested in this offer. (That you are not interested in the offer is clear.)
 It cannot be denied that they tried their best to help him. (That they tried their best to help him cannot be denied)
 It doesn’t matter whether we buy it now or later. (Whether we buy it now or later does not matter. )

Introductory It With Seem, And Look

I ntroductory it is also used with seem, appear and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase, a phrase with a gerund in it or a clause.

Example:
 It looked doubtful whether she would come
 It seemed strange that she should behave like that.
 It seems possible that she may quit the job.
 It appeared unwise to offend him.
It does not seem much good going on with the work

Introductory It Is An Object

It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think, feel, deem, count, consider etc.

Example:
 Don’t you think it dangerous to drive so carelessly?
 I consider it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.
 I think it odd that she doesn’t write to me these days.
 I think it a pity that she could not win.
 We think it improper that he should be so dictatorial.
 He made it clear what he wanted.
 I find it difficult to talk to him.
Introductory It In Question

The introductory it is sometimes used in questions.
Example:
 Who was it that broke the window?
It is Peter who broke the window.
 Why was it that he stole the bread?
It was because he was poor that he stole the bread.
 When was it that the manager came?
It was at 10 am that the manager came.

Gratitude, Compliment, and Congratulation

GRATITUDE

Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.

To Express Gratitude You Can Say :

• Thank you
• I’m greatful
• I want to thank …
• I want to express my gratitude to …
• I keep forgetting to thank you for …
• Thanks
• Thank you for calling.
• That was very kind of you.
• It was very nice of you to help me.
• How can I ever thank you?
• I can’t thank you enough.
• I really appreciate what you’ve done for my family.
• Can I show my appreciation by buying you a cup of tea?

Respone of expressing :

• You are welcome
• Don’t mention it
• Not at all
• It was nothing at all
• No problem
• Glad to be help
• It’s OK.
• Thank you.
• No need to thank me.
• It was my pleasure

Example

An elderly woman )EW) is talking with a young boy (YB) who helped her.

EW : Michael, it was very kind of you to carry my groceries for me. Thank you very much.
YB: Aw, it’s O.K, Mrs. Phillips. I know it’s pretty hard for you. It’s no trouble for me.
EW: Let’s see. Can I show my appreciation by offering you some cookies and milk?
YB: Wow! Really? That’s great. Thanks.
EW: O.K. Well, come in. You’re a good friend.

COMPLIMENT

Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.

You compliment some one, for example :

 On his / her general appearance
 If you notice something new about the person’s appearance
 When you visit someone’s
 House for the first time
 When other people do their best

Complimenting:

• What a nice dress!
• You look great.
• You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.
• I really must express my admiration for your dance.
• Good grades!
• Excellent!
• Nice work!
• Good job!
• You are good at …, aren’t you?
• You … very well, don’t you?
• You’re a wonderful …, aren’t you?
• You’re a great …, aren’t you?
• I’m really impressed with your ….
• I’m very impressed with your ….

Respone Of Expressing :
• Thanks.
• Really? Thanks.
• It’s very kind of you to say so.
• Oh, I wouldn’t say that.

Example

A: You’re very good at sewing, aren’t you?
B: Oh, I wouldn’t say that.
A: I’m very impressed with your speech, Ms Dixon.
B: Really. It’s very kind of you to say so, Ms Green.

CONGRATULATION

Congratulation is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.

To express congratulation you can say :

- Let me congratulate you
- Congratulation on your success
- Good
- That’s great
- Isn’t that wonderful
- How fortunate
- Splendid
- Congratulating
- Congratulations!
- Congratulations on your new job.
- Let me congratulate you on your new position.
- Let me say congratulations on winning the first prize in the tournament.
- I’d like to say congratulations. You did a great job.
- Happy birthday!
- Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!
- Merry Christmas!
- Happy New Year!
- Happy Valentine!
- Happy anniversary!

Respone of expressing :

• Thank you
• Thanks, I needed that
• That’s very kind of you
• You’ve made my day
• Some to you
• Thanks a lot.
• Thank you very much.

Example

Roy : Who won the football match yesterday?
Tom : Our team did. We won three to one
Roy : Congratulation. I’m glad to hear it
Tom : Thank you

FINITE VERB

Definition:
A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences

The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb shows tense, person or number. Non-finite verb forms have no person or number, but some types can show tense.
• Finite verb forms include: I go, she goes, he went
• Non-finite verb forms include: to go, going, gone

Indo-European languages
In the Indo-European languages (such as English), only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include:
• the indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs); e. g., "The bulldozer demolished the restaurant," "The leaves were yellow and stiff."
• the imperative mood (giving a command); e. g., "Come here!", "Be a good boy!"
• the subjunctive mood (typically used in dependent clauses); e. g., "It was required that we go to the back of the line." (The indicative form would be "went".)
• the optative mood (expressing a wish or hope)

Verb forms that are not finite include:
• the infinitive
• the participles (e. g., "The broken window...", "The wheezing gentleman...")
• the gerund (e. g., "I like swimming.")
• the gerundive
• the supine

It might seem that every grammatically complete sentence or clause must contain a finite verb. However, sentences lacking a finite verb were quite common in the old Indo-European languages. The most important type of these are nominal sentences.[1]

Another type are sentence fragments described as phrases or minor sentences. In Latin and some Romance languages, there are a few words that can be used to form sentences without verbs, such as Latin ecce, Portuguese eis, French voici and voilà, and Italian ecco, all of these translatable as here ... is or here ... are. Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).

Examples and Observations:
• "When you use a verb to form a sentence, you use it in its finite form, that is, its conjugated form. Verb conjugation will show tense, person, and number, as in She won the game (past tense, third person, singular) or They will run around the bases (future tense, third person, plural)."
(C. Edward Good, A Grammar Book for You and I--Oops, Me!, Capital Books, 2001)

• "Finite verbs can be recognized by their form and their position in the sentence. Here are some of the things to look for when you are trying to identify the finite verbs in a sentence:
1. Most finite verbs can take an -ed or a -d at the end of the word to indicate time in the past: cough, coughed; celebrate, celebrated. A hundred or so finite verbs do not have these endings [see Principal Parts of Irregular Verbs].

2. Nearly all finite verbs take an -s at the end of the word to indicate the present when the subject of the verb is third-person singular: cough, he coughs; celebrate, she celebrates. The exceptions are auxiliary verbs like can and must. Remember that nouns can also end in -s. Thus the dog races can refer to a spectator sport or to a fast-moving third-person singular dog.

3. Finite verbs are often groups of words that include such auxiliary verbs as can, must, have, and be: can be suffering, must eat, will have gone.

4. Finite verbs usually follow their subjects: He coughs. The documents had compromised him. They will have gone.

5. Finite verbs surround their subjects when some forms of a question are asked: Is he coughing? Did they celebrate?

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech : refers to reproducing another persons extract word. We use quotation marks (" ")

Example of Direct Speech :

1. Jani said, “I’m very busy .”
2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”
3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”
4. Lisa says, “I got the first prize.”
5. You said, “I will come to help him.”
6. Oskar will say, “I will do my best.”

Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons word.

There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :

1. Imperrative (command/request)
2. interrogative (question)
3. Declarative (statement)

Example :

1. Imperrative (command / request)

Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't wory about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Rika told Dina not to wory about it.

2. Interrogative (question)

Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.

3. Declarative (statement)

Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.

In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".

Example :

1. Direct : Hamid said, "Open the door!"
Indirect : Hamid ordered to open the door.

2. Direct : Hamid said, "Dul, come here!"
Indirect : Hamid told Dul to come there.

3. Direct : Hamid said to Andi, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect : Hamid forbade Andi to disturb him.

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

Purpose : to describe a paricular person, place or thing.

Generic Structure :

Identification : Introduction where or who is the subject being described.
Description : The supporting part of the paragraph to describe in detail to assist the reader to “see” and “feel” the subject, for example, the quality, appearance, uses, habits, and etc

We get the purpose from the text above that description is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to: •
• Describe a special place and explain why it is special.
• Describe the most important person in your live.
• Describe the animal’s habit in your report.

Descriptive writing or text is usually also used to help writer develop an aspect of their work, e.g. to create a particular mood, atmosphere or describe a place so that the reader can create vivid pictures of characters, places, objects etc. To complete our intention to, here are the characteristics based on descriptive writing or text, below;

As a feature, description is a style of writing which can be useful for other variety of purposes as:

• To engage a reader’s attention
• To create characters
• To set a mood or create an atmosphere
• To being writing to life

While in language function, descriptive writing;

• Aims to show rather than tell the reader what something/someone is like
• Relies on precisely chosen vocabulary with carefully chosen adjectives and adverbs.
• Is focused and concentrates only on the aspects that add something to the main purpose of the description.
• Sensory description-what is heard, seen, smelt, felt, tasted.Precise use of adjectives, similes, metaphors to create images/pictures in the mind e.g. their noses were met with the acrid smell of rotting flesh.
• Strong development of the experience that “put the reader there” focuses on key details, powerful verbs and precise nouns.

Beyond the characteristics stated on, descriptive writing also consists of generic structure in range as:

1. General statement
2. Explanation
3. Closing

The description text has dominant language features as follows:

1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBERS OR NOT

Formal expressions:

- I wonder if you remember.....
- You remember...., don’t you?
- You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
- Don’t you remember.....?
- Do you happen to remember it now?Ways to respond:
- Let me think, yes, I remember.
- I remember especially the scenery.
- I’ll never forget that
- I’ll always remember.
- I can remember it clearly.Informal expressions:
- Remember the old house we used to live in?
- Remember that?
- I’m sorry I don’t rememberWays to respond:
- Hold on. Yes, got it!
- I know.....
- It’s coming back to me now.Respond if you forget:
- Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
- I’m affraid I forget.
- I really can’t remember.
- I’m afraid I have no memory of him
- Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone
- Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

ASKING FOR INFORMATION

Asking For Information

-(Excuse me) can could you tell me (the way to the station/...)

-Do you know (if they are here / when they leave /...)

-Could you give me some information about ...

-Is it true that (they have moved /...)

-Have you got an idea of (when they leave / ...)

-I'd like to know (what he does / ...)

Correcting Agreeing With A Statement

-Yes, it is / was / will ...

-Oh yes, I did / Oh no, I didn't.

-That's (quite) right.

-No, it isn't really so.

-I'm sorry but that isn't correct.

- Well, it's the contrary in fact.

Asking About Language

-Pardon? / I beg your pardon?

-I'm sorry I didn't catch what you said.
-What do you mean?

-What is the meaning of ...?

-How do you pronounce..?

-How do you say that?

-How is it spelt? How do you spell ...?

Expressing Certainty

Being sure.

I'm sure / certain (that) (he will come / ...)

-There is no doubt about it.

-No doubt (you'd like to see your gift / ...)

-I certainly think / believe that (she was unhappy / ...)

-I'm positive on that point.

I'm certain...

-It is obvious that ...

-That goes without saying.

-It's crystal clear.

-It's as sure as two and two make four.

Being less sure.

-I think so

-I think that ( they will be there by 6 / ...)

-I suppose so.

-I suppose / expect that ( it is the way to the bus stop /...)

-I believe that ( he is sick / ...)

-I assume (that ) (they did it / ...)

-It's more than probable that ...

-I wouldn't be surprised if ....

Being unsure.

I'm not sure (that) ...

-I wonder if...

-I doubt if ...

-May be / perhaps (they're right / ...)

-It's very doubtful whether (he'll accept / ...)

-There's a little chance of ( arriving in time / ...)

-It isn't known for use ...

Not knowing.

-I don't think so.

-I don't think that (they will give her a ring / ...)

-I don't know / I've no idea / I wouldn't like to say (where it is).

-I haven't the faintest idea.

-Sorry, I can't tell you.

Inquiring About Certainty

-Are you (quite) sure (that) ...

-Do you think so?

-Do you think that ...?

-Do you believe / suppose that (it's a good idea / ...)?

Expressing Possibility

-It is possible

-It is possible (that) (it rains / ...)

-I / you ... can (drive / read / ...)

-He / we / ... is/are capable of ( doing better / ...)

Expressing Impossibility

-It is impossible

-It is impossible (that) (it rains / ...)

-I / you ... can't (drive / read / ...)

-You can't possibly ( do this / ...)

Nquiring About Possibility

-Is it possible?

-Is it possible (that) (he will come / ...)

-Will he / she / they .. be able to (do it / ...)?

-Can he / she /.... (drive / read /...)?

Expressing Obligation

-You have (got) (to go / ...)

-We / you ..must (leave / ...)

-Do behave yourself!

-It is compulsory.
You are to .. (be there at 4 / ...)

-We are forced to do so.

-We were obliged to (pay / ...)

Expressing There Is No Obligation

-It's not necessary / not necessarily.

-No) you needn't / you don't need to ... (go out / ...)

-No need to (wait / ...)

-You don't have to .. (wait / ...)

-You haven't got to (wash the car / ...)

-It is not compulsory.

-It is not absolutely vital.

-Why should you?

-You aren't obliged to ...(wait for them /...)

Inquiring About Obligation

-Must we ( go / stay /...)

-Do you have to ( wash our hands / wait/...)

-Have I / we got to ( go now /...)

-Is it compulsory?

-Am I / Are we required to ( take an exam / ...)

-Need we (stay / ...)

-Am I to (wait here / ...) ?

-Am I obliged to (leave / ...)?

-Are we supposed to (read this book / ...)?

Forbidding, Refusing Permission

Parking is strictly forbidden / prohibited here.

-Trespassers will be prosecuted.

-No begging / parking / waiting / ...

-The won't let me (go out / ...)

-Nobody is to (enter this area / ...)

-I was refused permission to ( use my car / ...)

-You may not (drink alcohol / ...)

-We weren't allowed to (talk / ...)

-It's out of question.
-Smoking / drinking alcohol .. is not permitted/ is prohibited.